Dark Reaction of Photosynthesis
Dark Reaction of Photosynthesis
The process of photosynthesis can be divided into two phases : Light phase and Dark phase
Dark phase of photosynthesis:
This phase does not require direct sunlight, but it depends on the products of the light reaction, i.e., ATP and NADPH beside and water that drive the processes leading to the synthesis of food more accurately the sugars (glucose is first product of photosynthesis).
1. C3 Pathway : - This pathway is followed by the plans when first product of fixation is a
acid, i.e., PGA.
2. C4 Pathway : - This pathway is followed or shown by the plants in which first product of fixation is a
acid, .i.e., OAA.
This is a cycle biochemical pathway of reduction of or photosynthetic carbon, cycle which was discovered by Calvin.
The Calvin cycle runs in all photosynthetic plants, no matter they show
,
or any other pathway, It occurs in stroma of the chloroplast.
Primary Acceptor of CO2 in C3 Pathway
After a long research and conducting many experiments it was concluded by the scientists that in pathway, the acceptor molecule is a 5-carbon S ketose sugar, i.e., Ribulose 5-Bisphosphate (5 RUBP). Calvin or
cycle has following three major steps Calvin or C3 cycle has many steps which are known as glycotic reversal or formation of sugar and takes place between reduction and regeneration. There are three major steps as follows
Carboxylation : - It is the most crucial step of the Calvin cycle. In this fixation of molecule takes place in the form of carboxylation of RUBP(5C). This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme RUBP carboxylase. This finally leads to the formation of two molecules of 3 Phosphoglyceric Acid (3PGA). As the RUBP carboxylase enzyme also has an activity of oxygenation.
Thus, it is more commonly known as RuBP carboxylase - oxygenase or RuBisCO.
Reduction : - Afrer the carboxylation reaction, reduction of PGA takes place through a series of reactions leading to the formation of glucose. In this step, the ATP (as energy source) and NADPH (hydrogen atom carrier) are utilised. It is to be noted that 2 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of NADPH urilised in this step for phosphorylation and for the eduction of respectively.
Regeneration : - For the continuous and uninterrupted functioning of the Calvin cycle, there must be a regular supply of ATP, NADPH and also sufficient amount of RuBP is required.
Students / Parents Reviews [20]
Abhyas is an institute of high repute. Yogansh has taken admission last year. It creates abilities in child to prepare for competitive exams. Students are motivated by living prizes on basis of performance in Abhyas exams. He is satisfied with institute.
Yogansh Nyasi
7thWe started with lot of hope that Abhyas will help in better understnding of complex topics of highers classes. we are not disappointed with the progress our child has made after attending Abhyas. Though need to mention that we expected a lot more. On a scale of 1-10, we would give may be 7.
Manya
8thThe experience was nice. I studied here for three years and saw a tremendous change in myself. I started liking subjects like English and SST which earlier I ran from. Extra knowledge gave me confidence to overcome competitive exams. One of the best institutes for secondary education.
Aman Kumar Shrivastava
10thBeing a parent, I saw my daughter improvement in her studies by seeing a good result in all day to day compititive exam TMO, NSO, IEO etc and as well as studies. I have got a fruitful result from my daughter.
Prisha Gupta
8thMy experience with Abhyas academy is very nice or it can be said wonderful. I have been studying here from seven class. I have been completing my journey of three years. I am tinking that I should join Abhyas Academy in tenth class as I am seeing much improvement in Maths and English
Hridey Preet
9thThird consective year,my ward is in Abhyas with nice experience of admin and transport support.Educational standard of the institute recumbent at satisfactory level. One thing would live to bring in notice that last year study books was distributed after half of the session was over,though study ...
Ayan Ghosh
8thMy experience was very good with Abhyas academy. I am studying here from 6th class and I am satisfied by its results in my life. I improved a lot here ahead of school syllabus.
Ayan Ghosh
8thI have spent a wonderful time in Abhyas academy. It has made my reasoning more apt, English more stronger and Maths an interesting subject for me. It has given me a habbit of self studying
Yatharthi Sharma
10thMy experience with Abhyas Academy has been very good. When I was not in Abhyas whenever teacher ask questions I could not speak it confidently but when I came in Abhyas, my speaking skills developed and now I am the first one to give the answer of teachers question.
Upmanyu Sharma
7thAbhyas is good institution and a innovative institute also. It is a good platform of beginners.Due to Abhyas,he has got knoweledge about reasoning and confidence.My son has improved his vocabulary because of Abhyas.Teacher have very friendly atmosphere also.
Manish Kumar
10thIt was good as the experience because as we had come here we had been improved in a such envirnment created here.Extra is taught which is beneficial for future.
Eshan Arora
8thAbhyas institute is one of the best coaching institute in the vicinity of Ambala Cantt area. The teachers of the institute are well experienced and very helpful in solving the problems of the students.The good thing of the institute is that it is providing extra classes for the students who are w...
Aman Kumar Shrivastava
10thUsually we see institutes offering objective based learning which usually causes a lag behind in subjective examinations which is the pattern followed by schools. I think it is really a work of planning to make us students grab the advantages of modes of examination, Objective Subjective and Onli...
Anika Saxena
8thWhen I have not joined Abhyas Academy, my skills of solving maths problems were not clear. But, after joining it, my skills have been developed and my concepts of science and SST are very well. I also came to know about other subjects such as vedic maths and reasoning.
Sharandeep Singh
7thIt was a good experience with Abhyas Academy. I even faced problems in starting but slowly and steadily overcomed. Especially reasoning classes helped me a lot.
Cheshta
10thOne of the best institutes to develope a child interest in studies.Provides SST and English knowledge also unlike other institutes. Teachers are co operative and friendly online tests andPPT develope practical knowledge also.
Aman Kumar Shrivastava
10thAbout Abhyas metholodology the teachers are very nice and hardworking toward students.The Centre Head Mrs Anu Sethi is also a brilliant teacher.Abhyas has taught me how to overcome problems and has always taken my doubts and suppoeted me.
Shreya Shrivastava
8thIn terms of methodology I want to say that institute provides expert guidence and results oriented monitering supplements by requsite study material along with regular tests which help the students to improve their education skills.The techniques of providing education helps the students to asses...
Aman Kumar Shrivastava
10thAbhyas academy is great place to learn. I have learnt a lot here they have finished my fear of not answering.It has created a habit of self studying in me.The teachers here are very supportive and helpful. Earlier my maths and science was good but now it has been much better than before.
Barkha Arora
10thAbhyas Methodology is very good. It is based on according to student and each child manages accordingly to its properly. Methodology has improved the abilities of students to shine them in future.
